Day: February 5, 2022

In practice, most statistical data exist in official and private records that are compiled as part of the routine of the day-to-day activities of public organizations and private firms. Thus, government departments routinely record figures on such matters as births Read More …

Among the many threats to internal validity, we consider the following: History During the time that a research is taking place, some events may occur that confuse the relationship being studied. These are events may either increase or decrease the Read More …

What are the characteristics of a good measurement tool? An intuitive answer to this question is that the tool should be an accurate counter or indicator of what we are interested in measuring. In addition, it should be easy and Read More …

A scale is a device for measuring magnitude or quantity of a variable. Scales may be a series of steps, degrees, a scheme of graded amounts from the highest to lowest, an indicator of relative size; scales may also designate Read More …

In everyday usage, measurement occurs when an established yardstick verifies the height, weight or another feature of a physical object. How well you like a song, a painting, or the personality of a friend is also a measurement. In a Read More …

The research literature disagrees about the meaning of the terms proposition and hypothesis. We define a proposition as a statement about concepts that may be judged as true or false if it refers to observable phenomena. When a proposition is Read More …

There are five (5) types of variables that one is likely to find in a research study, and these are: Dependent variables Independent variables Intervening variables Extraneous variables Moderating variables 1. Independent and Dependent Variables Independent variable is a variable Read More …

General notions about research budgets have a tendency to single out data collection as the most costly activity. Data collection requires substantial resources but perhaps less of the budget than clients/students will expect. Research assistants must be paid, training and Read More …

The members of a sample are selected either on a probability basis or by another means. Probability sampling is based on the concept of random selection – a controlled procedure that assures that each population element is given a known Read More …

Figure 2.0 outlines the step-by-step procedures that researchers can follow when drawing a sample from a population. The definition of the population in any study is determined by the purpose of the study. But, the population should be defined very Read More …