Kenya certificate of secondary education
2020 History and Government paper 1
SECTION A (25 marks)
1.Name two Eastern Cushitic communities who migrated into Kenya during the precolonial period. (2 marks)
- Rendille
- Burji
- Borana
- Somali
- Gabbra
- Galla/ Oromo2.Identify two forms of Oral Traditions used as sources of information in History and Government. (2 marks)
- Songs
- Riddles
- Proverbs
- Folk tales/ stories
- Tongue twisters
- Myths
- Legends
- Poems3.Give one reason for the coming of the Arabs to the Kenyan Coast before 1500 AD. ( 1 mark)
- They came for trade
- They were looking for settlement
- They were escaping religious persecution/ conflicts/ civil wars
- They came for adventure/ exploration
- They came to spread Islam4.Give two commodities obtained from the Kenyan Coast during the Long Distance Trade. (2 marks)
- Cloths/ silk
- Beads
- Iron ware/ tools
- Utensils/ glass/ porcelain bowls
- Cowrie shells
- Spices
- Weapons/ guns/swords/ daggers5.Apart from Fort Jesus, which other historical monument was built by the Portuguese in Kenya ? (1 mark)
Vasco da Gama Pillar (in Malindi)
6.Highlight two National Days celebrated in Kenya. (2 marks)
- Madaraka
- Mashujaa
- Jamhuri7.State the main reason for the formation of the Inter-Party Parliamentary Group (IPPG) in 1997.(1 mark)
To ensure a level playing ground for all political parties/ promote free and fair elections.
8.Outline two ways through which African communities in Kenya responded to the British colonisation.(2 marks)
i.They resisted
ii. They collaborated
iii. They offered mixed reaction
9.Highlight two arms of the National Government of Kenya. (1 mark)
i. The legislature
ii. The executive
iii. The judiciary
10.Give two social functions of the Orkoiyot among the Nandi during the precolonial period.(2 marks)
i. Foretelling the future
ii. Presiding over religious funtions/ was a religious leader
iii. Arbitrating disputes
iv. Blessing warriors
v. Rainmaker
vi. Medicine man
11.State two ways in which the rule of law is maintained in Kenya. (2 marks)
i. All citizens/ people are treated equal before the law
ii. An accused person is assumed/ treated as innocent until proved guilty/ taking suspects to court of law for trial
iii. An accused person is given a fair hearing/ a chance to defend themselves/ right of appeal
iv. By ensuring independence of the judiciary
v. By guaranteeing legal representation of the accused
12.Who authored the Sessional Paper No. 10 of 1965? ( 1 mark )
Thomas Joseph Mboya/ Tom Mboya
13.Identify the education commission which recommended the establishment of the 8-4-4 S system of education in Kenya. (1 mark)
The Presidential Working Party on Second University in Kenya/ The Mackay Commission
14.Give two types of government expenditure. (2 marks)
i. Capital expenditure
ii. Recurrent expenditure
15.Identify the Chief Executive of a County Government in Kenya. (1 mark)
The County Governor
16.Outline the main grievance of the Ukamba Members Association against the colonial government in Kenya.(1 mark)
The De-stocking policy
17.Besides peace and love, name the other pillar of Nyayoism. (1 mark)
Unity
SECTION B (45 marks)
18. (a)Name five communities among the Plain Nilotes who settled in Kenya during the colonial period.(5 marks)
i. The Maasai
ii. The Samburu/ Burkeneji
iii. The Njemps/ Ilchamus
iv. Iteso
v. The Turkana
(b)Describe the political organisation of the Agikuyu during the precolonial period. (10 marks)
i. The family was the basic unit of the society headed by a man/ the father
ii. They had a decentralized form of government headed by a council of elders
iii. They had clans which were formed by several related families
iv. Each clan was ruled by a council of elders known as ‘kiama’/ headed by a Muramati
v. They had a higher council of elders who acted as a court of appeal/ administered justice in the community/ settled disputes
vi. They had an age-set system which comprised of boys who had undergone circumcision at the same time
vii. They had warriors who defended the community against external attacks
19. (a)State five reasons for the coming of the Portuguese to the Kenyan Coast. (5 marks)
i. To trade with the Coastal towns / create a trading empire
ii. To find a guide for the sea route to India
iii. To look for the legendary Prester John
iv. To explore the vast Kenyan Coast/ satisfy their spirit of adventure
v. To spread Christianity/ counter the influence of Islam/ revenge against the Arabs
vi. The Kenyan Coast was strategic for supplies/ prevent the control of the coast by the Turks / Arabs/ To control the East African Coast
vii. Presence of natural harbors
(b) Explain five challenges faced by early Christian missionaries in their work in Kenya. ( 10 marks)
i. Tropical diseases such as Malaria claimed the lives of many missionaries/ slowed down their work
ii. Islam posed stiff competition to Christianity at the Coast since Islam was already established in the region
iii. Missionaries faced resistance/ hostility from Africans because Christian teaching condemned some African traditions/ practices like polygamy / female circumcision
iv. Poor transport and communication network/ lack of roads hindered movement into the interior
v. Missionaries lacked a common language of communication with Africans making it difficult to share the gospel
vi. Rivalry among different missionary groups hindered cooperation among them
vii. Christian Missionaries faced hostility from slave traders since they condemned it and wanted it abolished
viii. Inadequate funds made it difficult for the missionaries to finance all their operations
ix. They lacked enough personnel to spread Christianity over the vast/ expansive region
x. Hostile African communities such as the Nandi/ Oromo vandalized mission stations/ installations/ facilities
xi. Inadequate supplies of food/ medicines undermined their ability to carry out their work effectively.
xii. Threat/ menance of wild animals such as lions, snakes which could attack/ harm them
xiii. Sometimes, their guides/ porters deserted them robbing them thereby slowing their mission
20. (a)Highlight five reasons why settler farming was encouraged in Kenya during the colonial period. (5 marks)
i. To strengthen the colonial economy/ make Kenya a white man’s country
ii. To finance the administrative costs of the colony
iii. To recover the cost of construction of the Uganda railway
iv. To utilize the fertile idle land/ Africans didn’t have technical knowhow in large scale farming
v. To promote self-sufficiency in food production
vi. To produce raw materials for industries
vii. The white Highlands had suitable climate
viii. To check the influence of Asian community in Kenya
ix. To maintain the Uganda railway/ repair
(b)Discuss five consequences of colonial land policies in Kenya. (10 marks)
i. Large tracts of land were declared White Highlands leading to loss of land by Africans
ii. Africans were restricted to the reserves which were characterized by overcrowding/ overstocking/ soil degradation
iii. Africans became squatters on their own land leading to misery/ poverty
iv. It led to introduction of a new system of land tenure/ individual land ownership
v. Classes within African societies emerged as the few Africans to seek employment in the settler farms in order to raise money to pay the tax
vi. It led to introduction of the Kipande system which limited/ restricted the movement of Africans
vii. It led to the development of African nationalism to agitate for the plight of Africans
viii. It led to forced labor whereby African Chiefs were required to recruit workers for the European farmers/ effects of the Northey circular
ix. It led to the introduction of poll tax which forced Africans to seek wage employment in the settler farms in order to raise money to pay the tax.
21.(a) State five factors that led to the re-introduction of multi-party democracy in Kenya.(5 marks)
i. The alleged rigging of the 1988 general elections
ii. Failure by K.A.N.U to accommodate divergent views/ KANU policies
iii. Political reforms in the Soviet Union
iv. Pressure by western countries to adopt multi-party democracy
v. Introduction of multi-partism in other African Zambia/ Togo
vi. Pressure from the multi-party activists / political prisoners/ clergy
vii. Recommendation of the Saitoti Review Committee Report of 1990
viii. Repeal of section 2A of the constitution
ix. Rampant corruption in all sectors of government
(b) Explain five challenges facing the provision of health services in Kenya.(10 marks)
i. High cost of medical services which limits access by majority of the populace who c cannot afford
ii. The high population which puts strain on the limited available health facilities/ equipment
iii. High rate of HIV/ AIDS / other diseases which puts a huge burden on the health budget
iv. Corruption in the health sector thereby hindering effective service delivery/ affecting procurement procedures/ provision of drugs/ equipment
v. Kenya faces acute brain drains as many medical practitioners seek greener pastures outside the country
vi. Ineffective National Health Insurance Fund (NHIF) which makes it difficult for many people to access quality health service
vii. Inadequate health practitioners/personnel which compromises the quality of health services
viii. High rate of road accidents/ injuries has strained the available health facilities
ix. High poverty levels among people renders them vulnerable to diseases/ malnutrition
x. Eruption of new deadly diseases like Corona Virus that do not have cure has made all available resources to be channeled to it, thereby ignoring other diseases which still trouble the citizenry.
xi. Frequent / industrial unrest by health workers has resulted into death/ suffering of many patients
xii. Inadequate facilities/ equipment has made it difficult to access quality services
xiii. Inadequate funding by the government which has resulted into provision of poor health services
xiv. Retrogressive cultural/ religious practices have frustrated efforts to provide healthcare
xv. Increased environmental pollution has led to higher incidences of ailments
Section C (30 marks)
Answer any two questions from this section.
22.(a) Identify three peaceful methods of conflict resolution in Kenya. (3 marks)
i. mediation
ii. negotiation/ diplomacy
iii. arbitration
iv. legislation/ litigation
v. alternative dispute resolution mechanisms/ elders/ use of religious leaders
vi. community policing
vii. reconciliation
(b) Explain six factors which undermine national unity in Kenya. (12 marks)
i. Unequal distribution of national resources creates disparity in terms of development leading to the feelings of exclusion
ii. Tribalism which favors people from one’s ethnic group thereby creating animosity hatred among the people
iii. Religious conflicts brought about by intolerance to other people’s faiths leading to division of people along religious lines
iv. Discrimination on the basis of color creates antagonism among different races/ racism
v. Affiliation to different political parties with different ideologies polarizes the country along political lines
vi. Corruption / greed/ bribery leads to a few people amassing a lot of wealth at the expense of the others
vii. Poverty among the people creates a state of lawlessness/ high rate of crime in the society
viii. Terrorism/ radicalization creates a state of anarchy/ fear/ suspicion among people
ix. Nepotism- this is the practice of favoring relatives
x. Cultural conflicts- some diverse cultural aspects may be in conflicts among different communities.
xi. Ignorance- leading to intolerance of other people’s views leading to failure to appreciate developments taking place around them.
23. (a) Give three members of the Judicial Service Commission in Kenya. (3 marks)
i. The chief justice
ii. The Attorney General
iii. One Supreme Court Judge
iv. One Court of Appeal Judge
v. High Court Judge
vi. Chief Registrar of the Judiciary
vii. Two advocates representing the Law Society of Kenya (LSK)
viii. Two presidential nominees
ix. One nominee by the Public Service Commission
x. One Magistrate
(b) Explain six reasons which can disqualify one from being elected as a Member of County Assembly. (12 marks)
i. If one is not a registered voter in a constituency/ ward
ii. If one does not have political nomination certificate and is not an independent candidate
iii. If one is declared bankrupt by a competent court of law, for this puts to question the ability of such a person to guard public resources
iv. If one has not lived in Lenya for at least ten years preceding the election date
v. If one is of unsound mind and therefore will not be able to discharge duties required for a Member of the County Assembly
vi. If one has violated Chapter six of the Kenyan constitution on integrity of leaders public servants
vii. If one is serving a sentence exceeding six months by the time of election
viii. If there is proof of involvement in electoral malpractice in the past such as rigging
ix. If one is a holder of public office
x. If one has been holding an office of IEBC for the last five years preceding elections
24. (a) State three objectives of devolution of government in Kenya. (3 marks)
i. To promote socio-economic development in the country
ii. To facilitate decentralization of state organs/ functions/ services/ take services closer to people
iii. To ensure equitable sharing of resources
iv. To protect/ promote interests/ rights of minorities/ marginalized
v. To foster national unity/ cohesion
vi. To promote democratic/ accountable exercise of power
vii. To recognize rights of communities to manage their own affairs
viii. To promote citizens’ participation in governance
ix. To enhance checks and balances / separation of powers
(b) Discuss six reasons why the national government of Kenya prepares a budget.(12 marks)
i. It enables the government to source for revenue to finance its activities / programs
ii. To enable prudent use of resources/ avoid wastage
iii. It enables the government to prioritize development according to the needs if the country
iv. It creates confidence among donors/foreign countries/ World Bank/IMF who bridge budget deficit
v. It helps the government to assess its performance based on set development targets/ the previous year’s performance
vi. It enhances accountability/ transparency of the government in the eyes of the public / through parliamentary watchdog committees
vii. It enhances balance in the country’s revenue and expenditure hence avoiding budget deficit
viii. To enable the government explain to the public the tax structure/ set tax levels
ix. The government is able to set aside some funds to be used in case of emergencies in the course of the financial year
x. To ensure equitable share of resources and balanced development
