HISTORY& GOVERNMENT PAPER:311 /2 KCSE 2021 MARKING SCHEME
SECTION A (25MARKS)
1.Identify two forms of government(2 marks)
i)Democratic/Democracy
ii)Dictatorial/Authoritarian/Totalitarian/Dictatorship/Autocracy
iii)Aristocratic /Aristocracy/Oligarchy
iv)Monarchical /monarchy
v)Theocratic /Theocracy
vi)Plutocratic /Plutocracy
2. State two basic methods in which the early human beings obtained food(2 marks)
i)They hunted wild animals
ii)They gathered wild fruits/roots
iii)They cultivated crops
iv)They carried out fishing
v)They kept livestock
3. Define the term Agriculture (1 mark)
Is the cultivation of crops and rearing/keeping of livestock
4.Givethe main reason why the Atlantic ocean was important in the Trans Atlantic Trade(1 mark)
It enabled the movement/transportation of goods/people by ships from Europe/Africa/America
5.Highlight two types of indirect Democracy (2 marks)
i)Parliamentary
ii)Presidential
iii)Composite/local authority
6.Give two limitations of using motorcycle as a means of transport(2 marks)
i)Frequent accidents
ii)Limited carrying capacity
iii)Affected by adverse weather conditions/Wet weather
iv)It is expensive to use/purchase/maintain
v)It is prone to attacks
7. Highlight one factor that to the growth of the ancient city of Athens(1mark)
i)Its proximity to the port/water transport
ii)Participation in trade/commerce
iii)Its strategic position/surrounded by water/defence site
iv)Cultural centre
v)Educational centre
vi)Religious centre
8. Give one reason why Lubengula was defeated by the British(1 mark)
i)The British had superior weapons than him
ii)Lack of unity among his people/lack of support from his neighbors e.g Shona
iii)British army was batter trained/well organized
iv)Lubengulas soldiers were weakened by small pox
v)British army got reinforcement from South Africa
vi)The fleeing of Lubengula demoralized his people
9. Identify two racial groups who competed for the control of South Africa during the Apartheid Era (2marks)
i)The Europeans/the Dutch/Afrikaners/boers/Whites/British
ii)The Asians/Indians
iii)The Africans/the Blacks
iv)The coloured
10. Give the method of administration by the British in Northern Nigeria (1 mark)
- Indirect rule11. State two types of nationalism in South Africa during the struggle for majority rule(2 marks)
i)African
ii)Afrikaner
iii)British
12. Name the person who initiated the formation of the Tripple Alliance in 1882(1 mark)
- Otto Von Bismark (accept Bismark)13.Give the body that was formed after the second World War to promote world peace(1 mark)
- The United Nations Organization/United Nations14. Highlight two organs of East African Community 2001.(2 marks)
i)The secretariat
ii)The Summit
iii)The East African Legislative Assembly
iv)Coordinating committee
v)Council of Ministers
vi)The East African Court of Justice
vii)Sectoral Committee
15. State two common functions of early urban centres in Africa (2 marks)
i)They were administrative centres
ii)They were trade/commercial centres
iii)They were cultural/recreational centres
iv)They were defence centres/security
V)They were transport/communication centres
vi)They were educational centres
vii)They were religious centres
viii)They were mining/industrial centres
16. State the main function of the House of Commons in Britain
- It legislates/makes/amends laws17. Name one ideological bloc which was involved in the Cold War(1 mark)
i)Communist
ii)Capitalist
SECTION B(45 MARKS)
18.a) state five factors that contributed to the development of agriculture in ancient Egypt(5 marks)
i)The close proximity to Mesopotamia
ii)Availability of water from river Nile /water for irrigation
iii)Existence of indigenous crops/animals
iv)They had visionary leaders
v)Invention of farming tools/ox plough/bronze hoes
vi)Invention of irrigation methods
vii)Availability of fertile soils/silt on the Nile Valley
viii)High demand for food
ix)Availability of labour
x)The Nile Valley was well protected against foreign invasion
b) Explain five effects of Agrarian Revolution in Britain(10 marks)
i)The farmers abandoned subsistence farming in favour of large scale farming
ii)It contributed to industrial Revolution by providing the raw materials required in industries.
iii)There was increased food production due to improved farming methods
iv)It led to mechanization of farming which enabled tilling of large tracts of land.
v)Food was produced in large quantities which boosted food security
Vi)It led to rural urban migration as poor peasants sold their lands to the rich
vii)It boosted trade as surplus Agricultural products were sold locally/internationally
viii)It enhance research /scientific innovation which improved Agricultural production/Royal Agricultural Society
ix)High quality livestock breeds like Fressian cow/Leicester/Suffolk sheep were reared
x)It stimulated the expansion of the transport network thereby easing movement of farm produce
xi)It led to migration of some landless people to USA/Canada/New Zealand/Australia/South Africa in search of opportunities
xii)It led to increase in land prices due to high demand
xiii)It led to population increase due to availability of food
xiv)It led to the emergence of the social classes in the society e.g the poor and the rich
Xv)It led to improved living standards due to increased income from Agriculture
Xvi)t led to unemployment due to farm mechanization
19.a) State five similar effects of early Agriculture in Mesopotamia and Egypt(5 marks)
i)It led to sedentary life/settled life
ii)It led to increased food production
iii)Trading/commercial activities developed
iv)It led to development of urban centres/towns
v)Specialization/division of labour was realized
vii)It led to the discovery of writing/arithmetic/geometry
viii)It caused population increase
ix)It led to stratification in the society
x)It led to the development of religion
b) Describe five characteristics of industrial Revolution in Europe (10 marks)
i)Development of better of transport/road/railways/water which enabled faster movement of
goods/services
ii)There was large scale production of goods due to use of machines
iii)The increased use of steam power led to efficiency in production of goods/services
iv)There was rise in capitalism as a class of wealthy people emerged/social stratification
v)There was application of scientific knowledge leading to mass production
vi)There was development of trade as surplus manufactured goods were exchanged
vii)There was increased use of iron/steel in the construction of industries/machines
viii)The use of machines replaced human labor thereby lowering cost of production
ix)There was rise of factory system as many industries were established in towns
x)Trade unionism/movement developed as workers agitated for better wages/working conditions/rights
xi)It improved living standards of the people due to income
xii)Factory workers were organized in shifts for continuous production
20.a) State five limitations of written records (5 marks)
i)It takes/consumes a lot of time to read /write
ii)The information may be biased/exaggerated /distorted
iii)They are expensive to buy
iv)Vital information may be omitted
v)It is prone to misinterpretation
vi) Their use is limited to the literate in the society
b) Explain five results of African collaboration with Europeans in late 9th century (10 marks)
i)They acquired western Education/cultural civilization as they embraced western lifestyle/Material
wealth e.g clothes and glassware
ii)They were protected against their enemies,provided with ammunition/gun to protect themselves
iii)Their leaders were given special recognition as they were made paramount chiefs/lost authority/lost power
iv)The collaborators were used to conquer other African communities who were resisting European invasion
v)African communities were dispossessed their land,rendering them squatters/pushed them to reserves
vi)Trade intensified as European goods were acquired by Africans
vii)They lost independence /were colonized
viii)Africans were subjected to forced labour
ix)There was introduction of taxation
21a) Identify five senior positions in Buganda Kingdom during the pre-colonial period(5marks)
i)Katikiro /Prime Minister
ii)Omulamuzi/ Chief Justice
iii)Omwanika /Treasurer
iv)Kabaka /king
v)Mugema /senior chief among the Bataka/Saza Chiefs
vi)Mfumbiro /Chief Bakers
vii)Queen Mother
viii)Queen sister/Ubunga
ix)Musenero/Chief Bakers
b) Discuss five political challenges experienced by the nationalists during the liberation struggle in Mozambique (10 marks)
i)The negative attitude of the church towards FRELIMO /nationalists limited the support by the faithful.
ii)The apartheid administration in South Africa /Unilateral Declaration of Independence(UDI) in Southern Rhodesia helped the Portuguese to fight the nationalists
iii)FRELIMO experienced internal division as a result of ideological differences among the leaders
iv)The Portuguese applied methods of brutal/cruel methods of suppressing nationalist/arrested/detained/impro\isoned/captured/tortured/killed
v)There was disunity among nationalists therefore were unable to forge a common front
vi)The Portuguese had strict laws which outlawed political movement thereby forcing nationalists to operate from other countries/Banned political parties
vii)The assassination of Eduardo Mondlane demoralized the nationalists
SECTION C (30 MARKS)
22.a) Highlight three causes of Second World War(3 marks)
i)The policy of Appeasement
ii)The Great Depression
iii)Violation of the Versailles Treaty
iv)Growth of nationalism in Europe
v)Failure of the League of Nations to prevent war
vi)Formation of Alliances
vii)The emergence of dictators in Europe
viii)Rise of Adolf Hitler/his ambition
ix)Arms race/rearmament/militarization
b) Explain six achievements of Pan African Movement (12 marks)
i)It laid the basis of the formation of the Organization of African Unity(OAU)which enabled Africa to speak in one voice in international forum
ii)It provided a forum for African nationalists to articulate /discuss anti-colonial sentiments
iii)It restored the dignity of the African people which had been eroded by slave trade/colonization/racism
iv)It created political awareness among the people of African descent
v)It laid the foundation for research on African culture/history/literature which enabled them to understand their status
vi)It strengthened the Africans resolve to struggle against colonialism in Africa
vii)It condemned Italian invasion of Ethiopia through protests in major cities/towns across the world
viii)It put pressure on international community to act against the apartheid regime in South Africa
ix)It created a sense of unity among the people of Africa origin as they had a common origin
23.a) State three aims of the Non Aligned Movement(3 marks)
i)To promote economic independence of member countries
ii)To safeguard sovereignty of member states
iii)To promote neutrality among members
iv)To fight racism
v)To avail funds for improvement in Agriculture
vi)To fight decolonization of the Third World Countries
vii)To pursue an independent policy of peaceful coexistence
viii)To promote active participation of members in UN programs
ix)To work for disarmament
x)To discourage military Alliance by super powers
xi)To ensure favorable terms of trade
xii)It led to the establishment of world economic order to ensure favorable terms of trade
b) Discuss the main role of each of the following specialized agencies of the United Nation(12 marks)
i)The World Health Organization(WHO)
It promotes health in the world by fighting/preventing spread of diseases
ii)The International Monetary Fund(IMF)
It stabilizes currencies of different countries in the World through short term loans
iii)the United Nation Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization(UNESCO)
It promotes education/science/cultural activities in the world through research/sponsorship.
iv)Food and Agriculture Organization(FAO)
it promotes food security by coordinating programmes which enhance food production in the world
v)United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP)
It promotes conservation of the environment
vi)the United Nations High Commission for Refuges (UNHCR)
It deals with the needs of refugees/ provide shelter/resettlement of refugees
24.a) Identify three arms of government of India (3 marks)
i)The Legislature
ii)The Executive
iii)The Judiciary
b) Explain six ways through which the powers of the president of the United States of America are checked(12 marks)
i)The supreme court may declare a decision /action by the president unconstitutional thereby rendering it invalid.
ii)Presidential appointees are approved by the congress before assuming office to ascertain their suitability
iii)A sitting president may be impeached by the congress if his/her conduct is deemed unconstitutional.
iv)The congress may disapprove the budget to support foreign policy if it disagrees with it .
v)The presidential term is limited to two four year terms by the constitution in order to inject new
thinking/dynamic leadership
vi)The president is obliged to consider public opinion/pressure groups in marking decisions
vii)The press/mass media monitors president’s speeches so as to inform the public accordingly
viii)The pressure groups act to check on the president power/action
