History& Government Paper:311 /1 KCSE 2021 Marking Scheme Section A (25 MARKS)
1.Identify two linguistic groups in Kenya
i) Bantu
ii) Nilotes
iii) Cushites
2.State two ways in which the Agikuyu interacted with the Akamba during the Pre-colonial period
i) Through intermarriage
ii) Through trade
iii) Through warfare
iv Through raiding
v) Through sporting activities/wrestling
3. Give the main economic activity of the plain nilotes during the pre-colonial period
- Pastoralism /Livestock keeping4. Highlight two factors which led to increase in demand for slaves along the East African Coast during the 19 century
i) Demand for cheap African labour in Portuguese/French plantations
ii Demand for domestic workers in Arab world/Arabia
iii) Establishment of plantation agriculture at the Coast
5. Name the document that contains the Bill of Rights for Kenyan Citizens
- The constitution of Kenya6. Give the meaning of the term ‘conflict’
- It is a situation where people/groups/countries are involved in a disagreement/fight/war between people/state of disharmony7. Identify the type of the constitution used in Kenya
- Written8. Identify two colors of the national flag in Kenya
i) Green
ii) White
iii) Red
iv) Black
9. State two causes of the Bukusu resisistance against the British
i) They were against imposition /recognition of Nabongo Mumia as their leader
ii) They were opposed to British demand to surrender their guns
ii) They wanted to safeguard their independence
iv) They were opposed to taxation
They detested the European interference with their cultural practices
10. Identify the Cushitic community which attacked the Bantu at Shungwaya during the pre-colonial period
- Oromo/Orma/Galla/Wagalla11. Name the political party that led Kenya to Independence
- The Kenya National African Union (KANU)12. State one common political characteristic of the National Philosophies in Kenya
i) They promote Nationalism/patriotism
ii) They promote national unity/cohesion
iii) They promote democratic practices
13. Give two types of elections held in Kenya
i) General elections
ii) By-elections
14. Highlight two branches of the National Government of Kenya
i) Legislature/ parliament(Not National Assembly /Senate)
ii) Judiciary
iii) Executive
15. Give one reason for the adaptation of the African Socialism in Kenya
i)The desire to promote unity in the country
ii)The desire to create a society free from inequality/oppression/racism
iii)The desire to create just/humane society
16 identify the commission that recommended cost sharing in education sector in Kenya
- The Kamunge Commission17. State two ways in which the National Government of Kenya spends its recurrent expenditure
i) It repairs/maintains infrastructure
ii) It establishes /maintains security organs
iii) It pays salaries for state/public officers
iv ) It services domestic/external debts
v) It maintains foreign embassies
vi) It provides for social services/health care/education/cash transfers to elderly
vii) It caters for emergencies
viii) Contributes to international organizations i.e UNO,COMESA,AU,EA
18. a) State five causes of migration of the Highland Nilotes into Kenya during the pre-colonial period(5 marks)
i) There was outbreak of diseases
ii) There was population pressure
iii) Due to their love for adventure/spirit of adventure/curiosity
iv)Due to natural calamity/drought/famine
v) They were searching for land for cultivation
vi)They were running away from hostile neighbors/external attacks
vii) Due to internal conflicts /family feuds
viii) They were searching for pasture/water
b )Describe the social organization of the Borana in the 19th century (10 marks)
i) It was a patrilineal society where first born son inherited the fathers property
ii) Basic social unit was a family with the most senior married man as the head of the family
iii) They practicised circumcision for boys which marked a higher stage in life
iv) It had ageset system/Gada which comprised of people initiated at the same period
v) They practiced polygamous and exogamous marriage where one would marry from a different clan
vi) They were religious/worshipped God called Wak/Waq who was the creator of the universe
vii) They had religious leaders/Qaalu through whom they worshipped their God
viii)They performed social ceremonies/marriages/religious rituals/offering sacrifices to mark/celebrate important events in life/community
ix) Women were incharge of household chores/built houses/cared for the children/Division of labour
x) The society was divided into clans consisting of related families
xi) Related/unrelated families lived in camps
19 a) Identify five categories of special groups of people whose rights are enshrined in the constitution of Kenya (5 marks)
i) The youth
ii) Persons living with disabilities
iii) Children
iv) The minority/marginalized
v) Older members of the society
vi)The Arrested/detained/held in custody/imprisoned
b) Explain five challenges faced by African political organization in Kenya up to 1939 (10marks)
i)The leaders/members were arrested deported in order to disconnect them from the people/curtail their political activities.
ii) Their members were harassed by colonial authorities through the introduction of Kipande system/to
monitor their movements
iii) They experienced leadership wrangles/competition which weakened their fabric/undermined their activities
iv) They lacked the requisite/necessary leadership experiences/skills which made them less effective
v) Some of them were banned/proscribed by the colonial government (Kikuyu Central Association) thus hindering their operations
Vi )Disunity /Tribalism/ethnicity among the organizations which facilitated divide and rule scheme by the colonial government.
20 a) Highlight five features of the independence constitution of Kenya (5marks)
i) It provided for the position of the head of stte/Governor General
ii) It provided for a Bicameral government/Senate and the House of Representative
iii) It provided for a public service commission/civil service
iv) It provided for automatic citizenship for all Kenyans
v) It provided for a coalition government/power sharing between political parties
vi) It provided for multipartism
vii) It created an independent/impartia judiciary/judicial service commission
viii) It provided for regional/majimbo/federal system of government
ix) It created an independent Electoral Commission/Electoral Commission of Kenya
x) It provided for the Bill of Rights
xi) It provided for the position of the Prime Minister who was the head of Government
b) Describe five factors which led to the collapse of the Imperial British East African Company(IBEAC)in 1894 (10marks)
i)Resistance by Africans who undermined the company’s operations
ii) There was poor communication between it and the Head office in Britain hence poor coordination of activities.
iii) There was lack of strategic natural resources/minerals for export leading to poor/weak revenue base
iv) Many of the company officials lacked requisite/necessary administrative skills/experience
v) Inadequate finds made it difficult for it to effectively carry out its operations
vi) Poor transport/lack of navigable rivers hampered movement of goods/administrators
vii) Corruption among some company officials led to misappropriation /loss of funds/resources
viii) Some company personnel experienced health challenges/tropical diseases/harsh climatic conditions which made them less productive
ix) Rivalry from German East African Company(GEACO) which hindered its operations
x) The area was too vast for the few officials to manage
21 a) State five characteristics of the independent churches in Kenya during the colonial period (5marks)
i) They worked closely with the African political associations
ii) They opposed the westernizing influence of the missionaries
iii) They allowed the practice of African culture/values
iv) Positions of leadership were held by Africans
v) Most of the founders were educated/trained by the missionaries
vi) They had their following from rural masses
vii) They retained some of the aspects of mainstream churches in Kenya
b)Explain five roles played by women in the MAUMAU Liberation movement (10marks)
i)They acted as spies/provided intelligence/information to MAUMAU fighters by befriending the home guards/passed information to fighters.
ii) Some women took up arms/fought alongside men
iii) They coordinated supplies/food/weapons/medicine for MAUMAU fighters
iv) They encouraged people to join/continue with the struggle
v) They composed/sang songs to mobilize/support/motivate fighters/ridicule collaborators
vi) They participated in the administration of oaths which bound the fighters to stay on course
vii) They cared /managed the families as men went into the forest to fight
SECTION C (30 MARKS)
22 a) State three members of the County Executive Committee of County Governments in Kenya(3 marks)
i)County Governor
ii)Deputy County Governor
iii) Members appointed by the Governor
b) Discuss six functions of the County Governor in Kenya (12 marks)
i)he/ she is the Chief Executive of the county as public servants in the county Government are accountable to him/her
ii)He/she appoints members of County Executive Committee who are Chief Officers in charge of various departments in the County Government
iii)He/she assigns responsibilities to the Deputy Governor who is his/her principal assistant in the running of the county
iv)He supervises the County Executive Committee members to ensure service delivery in the respective departments
v)He/she assents to the bills which have been passed by the County Assembly into by-laws
vi)He/she is in charge of implementation of the county and National legislations in his/her respective county
vii)Delivers state/county address in the County Assembly
viii)Submits to the County Assembly plans/policy approvals
ix)In the event of death /resignation/impeachment of a sitting governor ,the new governor will appoint
a deputy governor
23 a)State the composition of the cabinet in Kenya(3 Marks)
i)The president
ii)The Deputy president
iii)The Attorney General
iv)Cabinet secretaries
b) Explain six functions of the National Assembly in Kenya (12 marks)
i)It makes/amends laws of the land which are used to govern the country
ii)It determines the allocation of public revenue between the National government and the County Governments
iii)It represents the interests of the people through their elected members.
iv)It deliberates on national/international issues of concern with a view of addressing them
v)It exercises oversight over public revenue and its expenditure through its watchdog committees
/Parliamentary Accounts Committee/Public Investment Committee
vi)It checks the conduct of public/state officers/president/Deputy president/other state officers/can initiate the process of removing them if need be.
vii)It approves declaration of war/state of emergency
viii)It vets senior government/public officers appointed by the president/presidential
nominees/appointees before they take office.
ix)It participates in National budget marking by scrutinizing sources of revenue/expenditure by National government
24 a)Name the three branches of the Kenya Defense Forces (3 marks)
i)The Kenya Army
ii)The Kenya Air Force
iii)The Kenya Navy
b) Discuss six functions of the Kenya Police Service (12 marks)
i)It liaises with international police/Interpol in order to prevent/combat international crime
ii)It maintains law/order by arresting law breakers
iii)It controls crowds during public gatherings so as to ensure peace
iv)It entertains the public during national days/madaraka Day/ Mashujaa Day/Jamhuri Day through mounting parades
v)It confines suspected criminals in custody/cells as they wait to be arraigned in court
vi)It regulates traffic by directing/arresting traffic offenders/inspecting vehicles to determine their roadworthiness
vii)It conducts driving tests for trainee drivers/recommends persons to be issued with driving licenses by
National Transport Safety Authority(NTSA)
viii)It investigates reported crime/suspected crime with a view to gathering evidence to help in court cases
ix)It protects property/government installations/provides security to senior government officers/VIPs/VVIPs
x)Prevent corruption and promot
