SECTION A (30 marks)
1. Name one breed of livestock under each of the following categories:
(a) dairy cattle
– Guernsey
– Friesian
– Ayrshires
– Jersey
(b) dual purpose cattle
– Sahiwal;
– Red poll;
– Sinunental
(c) dual purpose sheep
Romney mash;
– Carridale;
– Hampshire Down
(d) hair goat
– Angora;
2. State four egg abnormalities observed during egg candling. (2 marks)
– Blood spots;
– Hair cracks;
– Excessively porous shell;
– Fertilized eggs;
– Small size of air space;
– Meat sports;
3. Give four reasons for livestock breeding. (2 marks)
– Expand inherited potential of the animal;
– Increase productivity;
– Environmental adaptability;
– Satisfy consumers’ tastes;
– For increased growth rates for early maturity;
4. Give two reasons for hoof trimming. (1 mark )
– Prevent lameness;
– Control foot rot disease;
– Prevent injury during mating;
5. State four signs of Anthrax disease. (2 marks)
– underside of the body;
– Fever;
– Blood stained faeces and milk;
– Tar like watery blood discharge from orifices;
– Lack of rigor mortis in carcass;
– Blood does not clot quickly;
6. Name four methods of dewarming. (2 marks)
– Use of dehorning wire/saw;
– Use caustic potash stick (Potassium hydroxide);
– Use of disbudding iron;
– Use of rubber ring and elastrator;
– Use of dewarming collodion;
7. Give four reasons for keeping dairy animals healthy. (2 marks)
– Healthy animals grow fast and reach maturity early;
– Provide a long economic and productive life;
– To maximize production/performance;
– To produce good quality products;
– To prevent spread of diseases;
– Healthy animals are economical and easy to keep
8. State four features of a clean milkman. (2 marks)
– Free from contagious diseases;
– Physically clean;
– Wears white overall when milking and handling milk;
– Short finger nails;
– Covered hair;
9. Name four maintenance practices for a wire fence.
– Straighten loose or sagging wires using a wire strainer;
– Broken wires should be spliced;
– Worn out posts should be replaced;
– Broken brace posts and droppers should be replaced;
10. State four reasons why dorper breed of sheep is good for mutton production.
– Produce high quality carcass;
– Is highly prolific;
– Grows fast and matures early;
– Adapted to hot and dry areas;
11. State four control measures for tsetse flies.
– Bush clearing to destroy breeding grounds;
– Spraying breeding grounds with insecticides;
– Use of fly trap impregnated nets;
– Sterilization;
12. Explain how each of the following is measured in cattle:
(a) blood temperature
Using clinical/veterinary thermometer inserted in the rectum;
observing and counting the rate of inspiration/expira-tion per minute;
(b) respiratory rate
Using a respirometer;
(c) pulse rate
Place a finger or thumb on an artery passing on a bone or on the lower edge of the animal jaw
13. State the gestation period or each of the follwing:
(a) cow
– 270 — 285 days
(b) sow
– 113 — 117 days;
(c) ewe
– 150 days;
(d) rabbit
– 28 — 32 days;
14. State four features of large white breed of pigs. (2 marks)
– Long ana large;
– White with blue body spots;
– Broad and dished snout;
– Upright ears;
15. State four functions of worker bees in a bee colony. (2 marks)
– Feed the queen, drones and brood;
– Protect the hive from intruders;
– Collect nectar, pollen, tree nashis, gums, water etc; Build combs; – Seal cracks and creviceson the hive;
– Clean the hive;
– Make honey and bees wax;
16. state 3 ways of caponisation in poultry(1/2)
– Open method/surgical method;
– Implanting pellets of female sex hormone beneath the skin of the bird;
– Injecting with stilbestrol hormone when they are one day old;
SECTION B (20 marks)
Answer all the questions in this section in the spaces provided
. 17. The diagrams below represent farm tools and equipment.
(a) Identify the tools labelled E and F.
E – open ended spanner;
F – Steel float;
(b) State one use of each of the tools labelled F and G
F– Loosening and tightening specific sized nuts and bolts;
G– Digging and collecting manure/trash;
(c) State one advantage the tool labelled F has over E
– provides a more firm grip on nuts and bolts;
– can work on nuts/bolts in depressions;
18. The diagram below illustrates an external parasite of livestock.
(a) Identify the parasite. (1 mark)
– Tick
(b) Apart from eggs and adults, name two other developmental stages of the parasite illustrated above. (1 mark)
– Larvae
– Nymph
(c) Name two livestock diseases transmitted by the illustrated parasite. (1 mark) – East Coast fever;
– Anaplasmosis;
– Heart water
(d) Explain two ways in which the environment is altered to control the parasite illustrated above. (2 marks)
– Ploughing pastures;
– Burning pastures;
– Top dress it using lime or acaricides;
19. The diagram below shows a cross-sectiona of a fish pond
Name the part labelled
j– Inlet
K– Spillway / overflow pipe;
(b) State one function of the part labelled L
– Drain the pond during harvesting/cropping
(c) Give one reason why the pond should have a deep end?
– Provide breeding ground for fish
(e) Explain how fingerlings are introduced into a pond?
– The container with fingerlings is gradually lowered into the pond and tilted for the fingerlings to swim away;
20. The diagram below shows calf presentations during parturation
(a) Name the presentation labelled
M (1 mark)– Normal presentation
N (1 mark)– Breech/mal-presentation
(b) Which one of the two presentations requires the services of a qualified stockman? (1 mark)
– N – Breech presentation;
(c) State two signs of parturition observed on the vulva. (2 marks)– Enlarged and swollen;
– Clear mucus discharge;
SECTION C 140 marks
) Answer any two questions from this section in the spaces provided after question 23.
21. (a) Describe ten characteristics of a good layer.(10 marks)
– Combs and wattles are large, warm, waxy and red;
Bright orange and alert eyes;
– Pale beak;
– Oral, moist and reddish vent;
– Soft, pliable and wide abdomen;
– Space between the keel & pelvic bone is wide i.e. fits 3 -4 fingers;
– Alert and active in temperament;
– Dry and rugged plumages;
– Late moulting; – Pale shanks; – Broodiness is rare;
(b) Describe the milking procedure under the following sub-headings:(5 marks)
(i) pre-milking practices
– milking materials and equipment should be availed and within reach of milkman;
– Put the cow in the milking palour;
– Restrain the cow;
– Give food;
– Wash the udder and dry it with separation towels;
– Check for mastitis infection;
(ii) procedure of proper milking:(5 marks)
– Tightly grasp the teat at its base between the thumb and forefinger;
– to prevent back flow of milk into the gland cistern;
– Close in the other three fingers;
– applying pressure from top to bottom; to force the teat’s orifice open and drain milk out of the teat;
22. (a) Describe Brucellosis disease In cattle under the following sub-headings
(I) causal organism ( I mark )
– Brucella abortus; bacteria;
(ii) signs of attack (4 marks)
Premature birth occurs;
– Retained placenta;
– Infertility;
– – Inflamed tests with low libido in bulls;
– Yellowish, brown slimy odourless discharge from the vulva at abortion;
(iii) control measures. 15 marks)
– Uses of A.I;
Culling/slaughter affected animals;
– Vaccination;
– Stockman should avoid contact with aborted foetus;
– Blood test on all breeding animals to detect infected Proper hygiene
(b) Explain live factors that affect the digestibility of a feed material (5 mark )
– Chemical composition of the food: Form in which the feed is offered to the animal;
– Species of the animal;
– Ratio of energy to protein;
– Quantity of food already present in the digestive system of the animal
(c) Explain five requirements of an artificial brooder in poultry rearing (5 mark )
– Litter on the floor; for insulation and absorption of moisture;
– Fresh air circulation;
– should have holes on the wall for ventilation/ gaseous exchange;
– Heat source;
– should be provided to maintain correct temperatures;
– Feeders and waterers;
– should be adequate to prevent overcrowding;
– Shape of the brooder should be round to prevent overcrowding that leads to suffocation;
23. (a) State five harmful effects of lice in pigs. (5 marks)
– Anaemia;
– Irritation;
– Emaciation;
– Poor feeding;
– Loss of hair;
– Wounds/scratches on the skin;
(b) Explain five structural requirements for a grain store. (15 marks)
– Vermin proof to keep away rats;
– Well ventilated to avoid dampness in the store;
-Water/leak proof to prevent dampness in the store;
– Easy to clean — free from cracks and crevices which harbor pests;
– Constructed above the ground to prevent dampness;
(c) Describe five maintenance practices for the water cooling system of a tractor (15 marks)
– Lubricate the water pump regularly;
– Use clean water in the radiator;
– Remove trash from the fins;
– Ensure all pipes are tightly fitted to avoid leakage;
– Fill the radiator with clean water before each day’s work;
– Check the fan belt tension regularly and adjust accordingly;
(d) Give five differences between diesel and petrol engine, (15 marks)
