2018 Agriculture Paper 2

SECTION A (30 marks)

1. State six characteristics of a good breeding stock.(3 marks)

 

• Young;
• Healthy;
• Prolific;
• High performer/yielder;
• Free from physical deformities;
• Fertile;
• Proper body conformation;
• Adapted to local conditions;
• Good mothering ability;

2. State four reasons for maintaining farm tools and equipment.(2 marks)

 

• Ensure efficiency;
• Make them durable;
• Reduce replacement costs;
• Avoid injury to the user;

3. State four reasons why a calf should be fed on colostrum.(2 marks)

 

• Highly digestible;
• Highly nutritious;
• Contains antibodies which boost immunity; Has laxative effect;
• Highly palatable;

4. Give two reasons for growing grass around a fish pond.(1 marks)

 

• Stabilize the banks;
• Attract insects which lay eggs that hatch into larvae for fish food;

5. Name four systems of poultry rearing. (2 marks)

 

• Free range;
• Deep litter;
• Fold;
• Battery cage;

6. State three advantages of conterriporary comparison method of selecting breeding stock.(1½ marks)

 

• It is possible to compare animals of different age groups;
• Eliminates differences due to environmental factors;
• It is possible to compare bulls of different artificial insemination centres; It is accurate;

7. Give the meaning of the following terms as used in livestock breeding:

(a) close breeding (½ mark)

 

• Close breeding:- Breeding of closely related animals;(b) line breeding (½ mark) 
• Line breeding:- Mating of distantly related animals that share a common ancestry;(c) out crossing (½ mark) 
• (c) Out crossing:- Mating of unrelated animals within the same breed;(d) cross breeding (½ mark) 
• Cross breeding:- Mating of two animals of different breeds;

8. State four livestock rearing practices undertaken in a crush to control parasites and diseases.(2 marks)

 

• Vaccination;
• Deworming;
• Hoof trimming;
• Spraying;
• Dehorning;
• Treatment/injection;

9. Name the dairy cattle breed that

(a) produces the highest milk yield in kilograms (½ mark)

(a) – Friesian;

(b) is fawn/brown coloured with white colour on the face, legs below knees and hocks, tail switch and flanks (½ mark)

 

• – Guernsey;(c) is most suitable for marginal areas with poor pastures. (½ mark) 
• Jersey;

10. Distinguish between each of the following breeding practices:

(a) clutching and ringing (1 mark)

(a) Crutching:- Cutting of wool around the external reproductive organ of a female sheep to facilitate mating while

Ringing:- Trimming of wool around the sheath of the penis in rams to facilitate mating;

(b) tupping and serving (1 mark)

(b) Tapping:- Act of mating in goats and sheep;

Serving:- Act of mating in cattle and pigs;

11. What is a predisposing factor of a disease?(1 mark)

Conditions which lead to the animal contracting a disease

12. State four candling qualities of good eggs for incubation. (2 marks)

 

• Fertile (has germinal disk; black spot);
• Free from blood spots; Large air space;
• Free of hair cracks;
• Free of excessively porous shell; Free of broken shells;

13. Apart from the roof, name four other parts of a building that can be constructed using wood. (2 marks)

 

• Floor;
• Ceiling;
• Door;
• Windows

14. State four symptoms of internal parasite infestation in livestock. (2 mark)

 

• Starring coat;
• Eggs and parasites seen in faeces;
• General emaciation; Diarrhoea;
• Pot-bellies; Anaemia; Anorexia;
• Dehydration/pale mucosa

15. State the functional difference between the following:

(a) cross-cut saw and rip saw (1 mark)

 

• Rip saw: – cuts along the grain of wood.
• Cross-cut saw — cuts across the grain of wood;

(b) wood chisel and cold chisel (1 marks)

 

• Wood chisel — cutting grooves/chopping rough wood surface;
• Cold chisel — cutting thick sheets of metal.

16. Give the meaning of the following terms as used in livestock health:

(a) predisposing factor (1 mark)

 

• Conditions inside or outside the animal body which make it to contract a disease;

(b) incubation period (1 mark)

 

• Is the duration between the time of infection and the time the first symptoms show up;

SECTION B (20 marks)

Answer all the questions in this section in the spaces provided.

17. The diagram below shows a livestock parasite.

• 
• (a) Identify the parasite.(1 mark)
• Tapeworm(b) Explain how the parasite is passed from(i) livestock to human beings(1 mark)

   

• Ingestion of bladder worm;

(ii) human beings to livestock(1 mark)

 

• Ingestion of eggs (proglottids) passed in human faeces during grazing/feeding;

(c) Explain two control measures for the parasite in a zero grazing unit.(2 mark)

 

• Use of antihelmintics/deworming to kill endo-parasites;
• Proper hygiene in the unit;
• Proper use of latrines to prevent contamination by infected faeces;
• Proper cooking of meat to destroy bladder worms;
• Use of clean feed, feeders, water and watchers to prevent contamination;

18. The diagram below illustrates a tractor drawn implement.

• 
• (a) Identify the implement (1 mark)
• Disc plough(b) Name the part labelled H and I(1 mark)H – Beam;

  I – Lower link attachment point;

  (c) State one function of the part labelled K(1 mark)

  Counteracts the thrust by the discs to balance the plough;/helps to adjust the depth of ploughing;

  (d) Explain why the implement is suitable for ploughing areas with hidden stones. (1 mark)

  The discs are able to roll over obstacles;

  19. A farmer is required to prepare 200 kg of dairy meal containing 18% digestible crude protein (DCP).

  Using the Pearson’s Square Method, calculate the quantity of sunflower seed cake (34% DCP) and maize germ (7% DCP) the farmer requires for the dairy meal. (5 marks)

   

  

  20. The diagram below represents a practice of identifying livestock on a farm.

• 
• (a) ldentify the practice(1 mark)Ear notching;(b) Determine the number that identifies the animal represented by the illustration (1 mark)

  155

  (c) Draw a diagram of the animal identified by the number 148 on the farm. (1 mark)

  

• (d) Give two reasons why this method of identification is discouraged in livestock rearing. (2 marks)
• The notching is painful to the animal;
• Notched wounds cause secondary infections;SECTION C (40 marks)Answer any two questions from this section in the spaces provided after question 23.

  21. (a) Describe how natural incubation is set up and managed.(8 mark)

   

• Provide the broody hen with a nesting box which should be spacious to allow movement of the hen;
• Provide nesting material in the nesting box to maintain warmth;
• Provide the broody hen with 10 — 15 eggs; Keep the nest in a dry; and well-ventilated area;
• Provide the hen with balanced feed and water;
• Dust the hen with appropriate insecticides to control external parasites;
• Allow the hen to go out at least once to exercise and feed;
• Do not disturb the hen when the eggs start hatching;(b) Describe the management of growers in poultry rearing.(5 mark) 
• Provide adequate floor space, feeders, and waterers;
• Provide litter on the floor up to 15cm deep; Provide growers mash adlib;
• Provide plenty fresh water;
• Dust the birds with appropriate insecticides to control external parasites; Keep the litter dry to avoid dampness;
• Provide grit or oyster shells towards the end of growers stage/at 12 weeks;
• Gradually introduce layers’ mash from the 16th week until it completely replaces growers’ mash at 18th — 19th week.(c) Describe seven possible sources of power on a farm.(7 mark) 
• Human power:- Working directly or utilizing their capacity of organization;
• Animal power e.g. donkeys, oxen camels for cultivation and transportation;
• Wind power e.g. for winnowing, pumping water and turning turbines; Water power e.g. driving turbines to produce HEP driving maize grinding mills and pumping water; Biomass e.g. Biogas, wood or charcoal;
• Solar radiation in photosynthesis, drying crops, generate electricity, etc; Electric power from geothermal, hydropower and nuclear stations, battery;
• Fossil fuel:- petroleum, coal, natural gas, etc;
• Tractor:- Bums petrol or diesel to produce power which is transmitted and used in different ways

;22. (a) Describe pneumonia disease under the following sub-headings:

(i) causal organism(1 mark)

Bacteria/virus/HycopIasma mycoides,

Dust and worms in the lungs;

(ii) animals affected(2 mark)

 

• Calves;
• kids;
• lambs;
• piglets;
• poultry;

(iii) predisposing factors(2 mark)

 

• Poor ventilation;
• Overcrowding;
• Age
• young animals;
• Diarrhoea and other illnesses;

(iv) symptoms(5 mark)

Dullness;

• Loss of appetite;
• Starring coat;
• Emaciation;
• Rapid breathing;
• Fluctuating body temperature; Nasal mucous discharge;
• If chest is pressed, animal starts coughing

(v) control measures.(3 mark)

 

• Keep young animals in warm houses;
• Proper sanitation;
• Isolation;
• Treatment using antibiotics;

(b) Explain seven housing requirements for a calf.(7 mark)

 

• Concrete/slatted floor to facilitate cleaning;
• Spacious to allow exercise, feeding and watering;
• Single housing to prevent licking of one another/ skin infections and spread of worms;
• Well lit to facilitate synthesis of vitamin D;
• Well drained to prevent dampness which predisposes the calf to infections;
• Free from draughts: Solid on the wind ward side to prevent entry of cold winds;
• Leak proof to avoid dampness/wetness which encourages infections;23. (a) State five signs of heat in cattle.(5 mark) 
• Restlessness;
• Mounting others and stands still when mounted;
• Slight rise in temperature; Slight drop in milk yield;
• Vulva swells and becomes reddish;
• Clear or slimy mucus discharge from vagina; Frequent mowing;

(b) State five advantages a spray race has over a plunge dip.(5 mark)

 

• Suitable for pregnant and sick animals;
• Animals do not swallow the acaricide wash; Spraying is faster;
• It is less laborious;
• Acaricide wash is not wasted as it is recycled

(c) Give five reasons for maintaining livestock healthy.(5 mark)

 

• Healthy animals grow fast and mature early;
• Animals give a longer productive life;
• Produce good quality products;
• Give maximum production/performance; Prevent spread of diseases;
• Healthy animals are economical to keep;
•  (d) Explain five factors that determine the amount of food eaten by a livestock animal. (5 marks)
• Body size or weight of the animal; large animals eat more food;
• Environmental conditions where the animals is; animals in cold areas require more food;
• Physiological condition of the animal; lactating animals require more food;
• Level of production:- High producers also require more food;
• Purpose for which the animal is kept; animal kept as a pet requires less food than the one kept for production or performance;